To minimize health risks, the optimal amount of alcohol someone should consume is none. That’s the simple, surprising conclusion of a massive study, co-authored by 512 researchers from 243 institutions, published Thursday in the prestigious journal the Lancet.
The researchers built a database of more than a thousand alcohol studies and data sources, as well as death and disability records from 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2016. The goal was to estimate how alcohol affects the risk of 23 health problems. The number that jumped out, in the end, was zero. Anything more than that was associated with health risks.
"What has been underappreciated, what's surprising, is that no amount of drinking is good for you," said Emmanuela Gakidou, a professor of global health at the University of Washington and the senior author of the report.
"People should no longer think that a drink or two a day is good for you. What's best for you is to not drink at all," she said.
The report found that 2.8 million people across the globe died in 2016 of alcohol-related causes, which is about the same proportionally as the 2.0 million who died in 1990. For people ages 15 to 49, alcohol is the leading risk factor for experiencing a negative health outcome.
This is a sobering report for the roughly 2 billion human beings who drink alcohol. The report challenges the controversial hypothesis that moderate drinking provides a clear health benefit. That notion took hold in the 1990s after news reports on the "French paradox": The French have relatively low rates of heart disease despite a fatty diet. Some researchers pointed to red wine consumption among the French as potentially protective.
Numerous peer-reviewed studies found evidence that people who have a drink or two a day are less likely to have heart disease than people who abstain or drink excessively.
But the new study, while noting the lower risks of heart disease from moderate drinking, as well as a dip in the diabetes rate in women, found that many other health risks offset and overwhelm the health benefits. That includes the risk of breast cancer, larynx cancer, stroke, cirrhosis, tuberculosis, interpersonal violence, self-harm and transportation accidents.
“Current and emerging scientific evidence does not suggest that there are overall health benefits from moderate drinking,” said Robert Brewer, who directs the alcohol program at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and was not involved in the new research. He pointed out that alcohol studies have long been dogged by “confounders” — factors that create a misleading impression of cause and effect.
"People who report drinking in moderation tend to be very different from people who don't drink at all. They tend to be a healthier population, they tend to exercise more, they tend to be more affluent, they tend to have more access to health care," Brewer said.
The National Institutes of Health had sponsored a massive clinical trial, largely underwritten by the alcohol industry through funding given to a nonprofit foundation, to test the moderate-drinking hypothesis. A New York Times report in March revealed that researchers had been in communication with representatives of the alcohol industry, and a subsequent NIH investigation concluded that the study design was flawed.
Lead author Max Griswold of the University of Washington said this new report is the largest alcohol study conducted to date.
It follows another, less-sweeping analysis of alcohol and mortality published in the Lancet in April. The earlier one suggested that mortality rates begin to rise when people drink more than 100 grams of pure alcohol (roughly what's in seven standard American beers) a week.
Drinkers may take some reassurance from the fact that the new Lancet report focuses not on individuals but on populations. It estimates risks of alcohol-related diseases and disabilities per 100,000 people as a function of alcohol consumption. The authors do not suggest that there is significant danger in having a sip of alcohol. The risks spike dramatically with heavy drinking.
The U.S. dietary guidelines define low-risk drinking as one drink a day for women and two a day for men (and none for people under 21 or pregnant). Brewer of the CDC said that if people stick to the guidelines, "the risk of harms across the board is going to be low. It's not going to be zero. But it's going to be low."
Gakidou echoed that.
"It's a very small risk at one drink a day. It goes up when you go to two drinks a day. It all depends on all the other risk factors that the individual has, as well," she said. "For a given individual, having a drink a day may not hurt them."
In an email, she crunched the numbers further. She said that at one drink a day, a person’s risk of developing one of the 23 conditions associated with alcohol increases by 0.5 percent — “a small increase in risk,” as she put it. At two drinks a day, the risk is 7 percent higher. At five drinks a day, it’s 37 percent higher, she said.
The report's authors suggest that public health officials across the planet need to pay more attention to alcohol. Any reduction in average consumption in a population should produce a health benefit.
U.S. health officials have highlighted the problem of binge drinking and have said that lawmakers should consider a variety of actions, including alcohol taxes and limits on the density of alcohol retailers.
"Alcohol consumption is very responsive to price," Brewer said.
The United Kingdom is already conducting an experiment of sorts, setting a minimum price for each unit of alcohol sold in Scotland. A similar minimum is planned for Northern Ireland and Wales. England will not have a minimum. The proponents believe they will soon see a divergence in health outcomes to prove that the Scottish model pays off, according a commentary published in the Lancet.
“We need to change the pricing. It’s disproportionately cheap,” said David Nutt, a professor at Imperial College London who reviewed the Lancet report but was not a part of the research team. “We’ve got toget rid of cheap alcohol — the discounted beers and lagers and wines and sherries.”
The new report contains some eye-opening numbers on alcohol consumption. In Denmark, just about everyone drinks: 97 percent of men and 95 percent of women. The United States is relatively moderate, with 73 percent of men and 60 percent of women drinking. That puts it in 51st and 47th place globally for men and women, respectively. The statistics cover people age 15 and older.
The heaviest-drinking nation is Romania, where men on average consume 8.2 drinks a day. That's followed by Portugal at 7.2. Luxembourg, Lithuania, and Ukraine all average 7.0 among men.
For women, the heaviest consumption is in Ukraine, with 4.2 drinks a day on average, followed by Andorra, Luxembourg, Belarus and Sweden.
By contrast, a number of Muslim-majority countries report almost no alcohol consumption. The average for women in Iran is essentially zero, registering at 0.0003 drinks a day, the lowest rate globally. The lowest for men is in Pakistan, with an average of 0.0007 drinks daily.
Americans should note that this study used a relatively conservative (or what someone ordering at a bar would consider ungenerous) definition of a drink: 10 grams of pure alcohol. In the United States, a “standard drink” is 14 grams — about as much alcohol as found in a typical 12-ounce American beer or a 5-ounce glass of table wine.
The averages on consumption are elevated by the heaviest drinkers, Griswold notes. The study did not distinguish among beer, wine and liquor.
Griswold noted that he still drinks alcohol — but added, “Not as much, after this study.”
