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In 2007, the Sundance Film Festival blew up the notion that the only way to experience a "film" was to sit in a movie theater with a bunch of other people.

In the basement of Park City's now-nonexistent Main Street Mall, Sundance launched the first version of a program called New Frontier.

"It started with all installation work," said festival director John Cooper.

Among the installations in 2007 were "Academy," a fast-forward look at Best Picture Oscar winners; "Copenhagen Cycles," a digital update of an old-school zoetrope; and "You Are Here," a video installation playing on old bus-station TV chairs.

Over the past decade, New Frontier has evolved into a showcase not only for video-based installation work but also for a new form of video storytelling: virtual reality.

Virtual reality, or VR, is "really the new format, where so many people are working in it," Cooper said. "Everybody's fascinated by this new kind of storytelling that can be so immersive, and it's becoming so easy to do it. Your imagination isn't holding you back any longer."

New Frontier got its first taste of VR in 2012, with Nonny de la Peña's installation "Hunger in Los Angeles," depicting a crisis at a food bank at an L.A. Unitarian church. The headset used in de la Peña's work was a prototype of what became the Oculus Rift.

Since then, VR has become almost ubiquitous, thanks to Google Cardboard, a cheap viewer into which one can insert a smartphone loaded with the appropriate app. The New York Times jumped into VR in November, posting a download to let people experience life for Syrian refugees — and inserting Google Cardboard viewers in subscribers' copies of the Sunday paper.

This year, for New Frontier's 10th year, Sundance said Thursday it has programmed three feature films, a live performance, 11 installations and 30 virtual-reality experiences.

Those experiences include looking a blue whale in the eye, having a private performance from Björk, meeting indigenous Australians, defending the last city on Earth and walking in the footsteps of Matt Damon's character in "The Martian."

The New Frontier installations during the festival run Jan. 21-31 will be housed in three Park City locations: the former Claimjumper restaurant on Old Main Street; The Gateway, at Heber Avenue and Swede Alley; and Basecamp, a new site on Swede Alley near the Old Town Transit Center.

New Frontier also will expand outside Utah later this year, with exhibitions at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in April and at the Walker Center in Minneapolis in June.

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Here are the works being presented in the New Frontier program of the 2016 Sundance Film Festival. (Synopses are provided by the Sundance Institute.)

Films and performance

• "Cameraperson" • Director: Kirsten Johnson • "By exposing her role behind the camera, Johnson reaches into the vast trove of footage that she has shot over decades around the world. What emerges is a visually bold memoir and a revelatory interrogation into the power of the camera." (Johnson was a cinematographer on "Citizenfour" and "The Invisible War," among many other films.)

• "The Illinois Parables" • Director and screenwriter: Deborah Stratman • "This suite of Midwestern parables about faith, force, technology and exodus questions the role belief plays in national identity. In our desire to make sense of the inscrutable, who do we end up blaming or endorsing? Cast: C. Felton Jennings II, Anna Toborg, Joshua Frieman, José Oubrerie, Daniel Verdier, David Gatten."

• "Nari" • Artists: Gingger Shankar, Dave Liang, Sun Yunfan • "The unsung story of Lakshmi Shankar and her daughter, Viji—two extraordinary artists who helped bring Indian music to the West in the 1970s through their close collaboration with Ravi Shankar and George Harrison. This arresting, multi­generational, multimedia mash­up features animation, family archives and a live performance."

• "Notes on Blindness" (U.K.) • Directors/screenwriters: Peter Middleton, James Spinney • "After losing his sight, John Hull knew that not understanding blindness would destroy him. In 1983, he began to keep an audio diary. His recordings represent a unique testimony of loss, rebirth and renewal, excavating the experience of blindness and documenting his discovery of 'a world beyond sight.' Cast: Dan Skinner, Simone Kirby. Project includes a mobile VR experience."

Installations

• "Double Conscience" • Artist: Kahlil Joseph; key collaborator: Kendrick Lamar • "A lush portrait of contemporary Compton, Calif., set to a booming soundtrack by Kendrick Lamar, depicts everyday moments of black life suffused with creativity, joy and sadness. From buoyant adolescent moments to ominous nighttime scenes, reality and fantasy dance to a haunting soundscape flashed across two screens. Cast: Bijan Faby, Shenelle Bullock, Chris Lewis, Rykeis Tyson, Jordan Dupree, Kamr Bailey."

• "Escape Pod" • Artist: Jonathan Monaghan • "This seamlessly looped computer animated film chronicles a golden deer through glossy environments of wealth, power and authority through one continuous tracking shot. The journey imagines a new reality devoid of humans, left only with material desires and ambitions."

• "Giant" • Artists: Milica Zec, Winslow Porter; key collaborators: E.A. Donahue, Jack Caron, Todd Bryant • "Trapped in an active war zone, two parents struggle to distract their young daughter by inventing a fantastical tale. Inspired by true events, this immersive VR experience transports the viewer to the family's makeshift basement shelter. As the bombs draw closer and closer, the parents' fairy tale intensifies. Cast: Zoë Winters, Clem Mcintosh, Jordana Rose."

• "The Holo­Cinema" • Artist: ILMxLab , key collaborators: John Gaeta, Hilmar Koch, Nick Rasumussen • "This new scenic design and experience theater allows participants to step into iconic story moments while spatially perceiving the performing characters and exploring worlds. As they portal inside a fully immersive media environment, they experience 4-D viewing as if walking through film sets in the real world. Cast: Mat Brady, Peter Bogatsky, Frank La Monaca, Meghan Mowery, Rachel Rose."

• "In the Eyes of the Animal" • Artists: Barnaby Steel, Robin McNicholas • "A 360-degree virtual reality experience presented on sculptural headsets, this work is an artistic interpretation of the sensory perceptions of three British animal species. Immerse yourself into this world from the forest floor to the tops of trees, and tread carefully as you observe through the eyes of the animals."

• "Inextinguishable Fire" • Artist: Cassils • "Using techniques borrowed from Hollywood stunts, Cassils experiences the very real terror of being lit on fire."

• "The Leviathan Project" • Artists: Alex McDowell, Bradley Newman; Key Collaborators: World Building Media Lab • "It's 1895, and you're in a scientific lab inside a massive flying whale. This augmented-reality-to-VR setting, based on Scott Westerfield's best-selling trilogy 'Leviathan,' lets participants engage physically and emotionally with the setting and with human and animal characters. The best part is the ability to fabricate a brand-new creature. Cast: Gildart Jackson, Isabella Schloss, Austin Nimnict, A.J. Helfet, Ellis Greer, Alex Ho."

• "Queen Rose Family (da Stories)" • Artist: Kalup Linzy • "The story of the fictitious Queen Rose family is told through episodic videos, collages and a multimedia installation based on the 'Pepper's ghost' technique. Experience the melodrama often seen in prime-time soap operas presented in an art installation. Cast: Kalup Linzy, Michael Stipe, Leo Fitzpatrick, Tunde Adebimpe, Hank Willis Thomas, James Everett Stanley."

• "Real Virtuality: Immersive Explorers" • Artists: Sylvain Chagué, Caecilia Charbonnier; key collaborators: Bart Kevelham, David Hodgetts • "A multiuser immersive platform that combines motion capture with virtual reality headsets allows users to move freely within the physical space, interact with objects and other participants, and virtually visit 3-D interactive environments. Cast: Gilles Jobin, Susana Panades Diaz."

• "The Treachery of Sanctuary" • Artist: Chris Milk; key collaborators: Brian Chasalow, Aaron Meyers, James George • "A large-scale interactive triptych, this story of birth, death and transfiguration uses projections of the participants' own bodies to unlock a new artistic language."

• "Walden, a Game" • Artist: Tracy Fullerton; key collaborators: Todd Furmanski, Lucas Peterson, Michael Sweet • "In this game simulation of Henry David Thoreau's experiment in living at Walden Pond from 1845 to 1847, players walk in Thoreau's virtual footsteps, attend to the tasks of a self-reliant existence, discover the beauty of a virtual landscape and engage in the ideas and writings of this unique philosopher. Cast: Emile Hirsch."

Virtual Reality lineup

• "The Abbot's Book" • Artists: Michael Conelly, Lyndon Barrois; key collaborators: Keith Goldfarb, William Telford • "Four generations of an Italian noble family are cursed by the corrupt power of an ancient book unearthed from the catacombs beneath their estate. Rich with traditional gothic-inspired mythology, the story follows a scion of this cursed family attempting to shield his heirs from the inevitable darkness. Cast: JB Blanc."

• "Across the Line" • Artists: Nonny de la Peña, Brad Lichtenstein, Jeff Fitzsimmons • "This immersive VR experience puts the audience on the scene with anti-abortion extremists trying to intimidate patients seeking sexual and reproductive health care at Planned Parenthood. Using documentary footage and a montage of real audio, viewers gain intimate knowledge of the harassment outside and compassion inside health centers across the country. Cast: Samantha Collier, Kristina Nailen, Raegan McDonald-Mosley M.D., Charles Gilbert, Lee Sherman, Joe Spence."

• "theBlu: Encounter" • Artists: Jake Rowell, Neville Spiteri, Ben Vance • "Encounter an 80-foot blue whale while experiencing the awe, wonder and majesty of underwater habitats, designed as beautiful moments in passing or a collection of memories."

• "Cardboard Crash" • Artists: Vincent McCurley, Loc Dao • "A virtual reality experiment questions the ethics of artificial-intelligence algorithms in self-driving cars when they are faced with difficult decisions during an unavoidable crash event. Given varied cultural and individual ethics, who should be designing these algorithms, and how should they be chosen?"

• "Collisions" • Artist: Lynette Wallworth • "Journey to a remote desert in western Australia that is home to indigenous leader Nyarri Morgan and the Martu tribe. Nyarri's first contact with Western culture was in the 1950s via a dramatic collision between his traditional world view and the cutting edge of modern technology. Cast: Nyarri Nyarri Morgan, Curtis Taylor."

• "Condition One" • Artists: Danfung Dennis, Casey Brown, Phil McNally; key collaborators: Jay Brown, Andrew Delpit, Chris McClanahan • "Encounter a majestic jaguar deep in the jungle, lie with a nesting sea turtle on a windy beach and fly with monarch butterflies, all before they disappear. This powerful virtual reality experience is a glimpse into the habitats of Earth's endangered species."

• "Defrost" • Artist: Randal Kleiser; key collaborator: Tanna Frederick • "In this futuristic, sci-fi virtual reality adventure, viewers are put in the seat of a woman who wakes up after being frozen for nearly 30 years to reunite with her family. The reunion is bittersweet, as the passage of time has caused her loved ones to become strangers. Cast: Carl Weathers, Bruce Davison, Tanna Frederick, Christopher Atkins, Ethan Rains, Clinton Valencia."

• "fabulous wonder.land" • Artists: Toby Coffey, Lysander Ashton, Ollie Lindsey; key collaborator: Mahdi Yahya • "Fall down the rabbit hole and experience the magical and vibrant digital world of the Royal National Theater's 'wonder.land' stage show. Watch and listen with VR technology as the Cheshire cat hovers above like a magnificent holographic airship while serenading you to 'Fabulous,' a song from the show. Cast: Hal Fowler."

• "Hard World for Small Things" • Artist: Janicza Bravo • "A day in the life of a tight-knit community in South Central Los Angeles. Cast: Keith Stanfield, Brandon Scott, Hannah Heller, Idara Victor, Jodie Smith."

• "A History of Cuban Dance" • Artist: Lucy Walker • "Organic, spontaneous, sexy dances progress chronologically through Afro-Cuban Santería rumba, mambo, cha-cha-chá, salsa, breakdancing and reggaeton, with optional audio tracks reflecting the broader story of Cuban history as revealed in the moves. This live-action virtual reality documentary was filmed on location in Cuba and features Ballet de la Televisión Cubana. Cast: Ballet de la Televisión Cubana."

• "Irrational Exuberance" • Artist: Ben Vance; key collaborators: Sam Bird, Joel Corelitz • "Uniquely designed for room-scale VR, this interactive art experience gives the viewer an intimate connection to the possibilities and wonders of space, where mysterious phenomena, hidden beauty and the infinite await."

• "Job Simulator" • Artists: Alex Schwartz, Devin Reimer • "This experience of manning an office cubicle is a unique blend of storytelling, comedy and intuitive game mechanics that focuses on micro-interactions. Pick up a tomato, smash a glass and explore a sandbox world with childlike wonder, while ignoring established gaming systems."

• "Kiya" • Artist: Nonny de la Peña; key collaborator: Emblematic Group • "In this harrowing virtual reality story of a real-life domestic violence homicide, two sisters engage in a doomed struggle to save the third from being shot and killed by her ex-boyfriend. Utilizing audio and imagery captured at the real event, this piece transforms the audience from viewers to active witnesses. Cast: Lee Sherman, Toyin Moses, Tripp Pickell, Diana Toshiko."

• "The Martian VR Experience" • Artists: Robert Stromberg, Ridley Scott; key collaborators: Fox Innovation Lab, RSA Films, VRC • Step into the shoes of astronaut Mark Watney as he performs tasks that will facilitate his chances for survival and rescue. Viewers can fly onto the surface of Mars, steer at zero gravity through space and drive a rover, deepening the experience of key scenes from Ridley Scott's hit film 'The Martian.' "

• "Nomads: Maasai" • Artists: Felix Lajeunesse, Paul Raphael; key collaborator: Stephane Rituit • "Witness the Maasai tribe's living heritage in the village of Enkutoto, Kenya, through repeated walkabout visuals in the Great Rift Valley. Watch jumping-dance competitions, the men's unmatched hunting abilities and the women's skills in building mud houses, long-distance water collection and bead artwork."

• "Nomads: Sea Gypsies" • Artists: Felix Lajeunesse, Paul Raphael; key collaborators: Stephane Rituit, Jean-Pascal Beaudoin • "In this episode of 'Nomads,' viewers share the Bajau tribe's nomadic existence on crammed houseboats that sway to the motion of river waters. Watch as the families travel with fellow boat-dwelling relatives, always sharing a communal spirit."

• "Notes on Blindness—Into Darkness" • Artists: Arnaud Colinart, Amaury Laburthe, Peter Middleton, James Spinney; key collaborators: Arnaud Desjardins, Béatrice Lartigue, Fabien Togman • "After losing his sight in 1983, John Hull began to record an audio-diary documenting his discovery of 'a world beyond sight.' Hull's original recordings form the basis of this interactive documentary, which uses real-time 3-D, virtual reality and binaural sound to explore the world of the blind. Cast: John Hull."

• "#100 Humans" • Artists: Daniel Schechter, Linc Gasking, Rainer Gombos; key collaborators: Preya McMahon, Alexander Burke, Christina Webber • "#100humans is the story of the first humans who walked through 8i's doors to help invent a new medium. Using 3-D video technology to record real people for VR, this story explores a new level of emotional connections and sense of presence that brings viewers the most lifelike intimate experience. Cast: Ashley Martin Scott, Logan Paul, Young Guru, Denise Garcia, Brent Bushnell."

• "Perspective 2: The Misdemeanor" • Artists: Rose Troche, Morris May; key collaborator: Charles Ottaway • "When two men are stopped by a police officer, a simple misdemeanor spirals out of control, turning the situation rapidly antagonistic. With each party suspecting the other, no one is able to stop the chain of events that follows. Cast: Shemar Jonas, Javon Jones, Joey Auzenne, Johnny Tchaikovsky."

• "The Rose and I" • Artists: Eugene Chung, Jimmy Maidens, Alex Woo; key collaborators: Terry Kaleas, Ryan Shore, Nick Sung • "An immersive, animated VR film crafted by the artists, hackers and storytellers of Penrose Studios, 'The Rose and I' is about loneliness, friendship, love and loss. Come meet a lonely Rose living in the unlikeliest of places, and be transported into a brand new universe. Cast: Rachael Bigelow."

• "Sequenced" • Artists: Emilie Joly, Sylvain Joly, Michaël Martin; key collaborators: Maria Beltran Reyes, John Howe, Richard Johnson • "A teenage girl becomes guardian of the last city on Earth to change its fate by fusing her instinctive knowledge of nature with an AI's benevolence, analysis and foresight. This interactive animated series made for virtual reality relies on your focus for the story to evolve. Cast: Peter Coyote, Morgan Burch."

• "Sisters" • Artists: Robyn Gray, Andrew Goldstein, Michael Murdock; key collaborator: Philip Eberhart • "Be careful where you look because someone or something doesn't want you here. Otherworld presents two chapters in their popular horror series. Experience two sets of thrills and chills as you physically walk through a haunted house and experience a virtual reality ghost story that will scare your pants off. Cast: Julia Chalker, Greg Vogt."

• "6x9: An Immersive Experience of Solitary Confinement" • Artists: Francesca Panetta, Lindsay Pollution • "Right now, more than 80,000 people are locked in tiny concrete boxes where every element of their environment is controlled. They are confined to spaces with no human contact, and the sensory deprivation they endure causes severe psychological damage. These people are invisible to us — and eventually to themselves."

• "Sonar" • Artists: Philipp Maas, Dominik Stockhausen • "When a drone receives a faint distress call emerging from an unknown asteroid, it journeys to locate the source of the signal and ventures into a deep, ancient labyrinth that holds a secret even darker than space itself."

• "Stonemilker" • Artist: Andrew Thomas Huang; key collaborator: Björk Guðmundsdóttir • "A virtual reality collaboration between Vrse works creator Andrew Thomas Huang and Björk explores the possibilities that VR holds for performance platforms outside of the traditional music video world. Cast: Björk."

• "Surge" • Artist: Arjan van Meerten • "An abstract meditation on the evolutionary process and its relentless march towards complexity, this virtual reality music video was produced over the course of a year, with Arjan van Meertan creating all of the music, animation and code himself."

• "The Unknown Photographer" • Artists: Loic Suty, Osman Zeki, Claudine Matte; key collaborators: Catherine Mavrikakis, François Lafontaine • "This immersive documentary unveils a journey into the heart of the First World War through hundreds of photographs that were found in the abandoned workshop of a country house in Quebec, Canada. Cast: Julian Casey, François Papineau."

• "Viens! (Come!)" • Artists: Michel Reilhac, Carl Guyenette; key collaborators: Mélanie Le Grand, Xavier Servas, Sebastian Shorter • "Three women and four men, all naked, appear out of nowhere in the white, sunny space of a bright room outside of time. They meet, touch, share their energy and are transformed spiritually; they let themselves become one with the world. Cast: Amador Jojo, Ayoti, Christophe De La Pointe, De La Fouquette, Flozif, Yumie Volupté."

• "Waves" • Artists: Benjamin Dickinson, Reggie Watts, Luis Blackaller; key collaborators: Anthony Batt, Neville Spiteri • "Reggie Watts weaves a virtual reality story that is a dream-within-a-dream meta-ride down the rabbit hole, where the only constants seem to be his philosophical musings, comedic insights and musical genius. Cast: Reggie Watts, Nathalie Emmanuel."

• "Waves of Grace" • Artists: Gabo Arora, Chris Milk; key collaborators: Imraan Ismail, Samantha Storr, Patrick Milling Smith • "In this experience viewers are transported to the most populous slum in the capital city of Liberia, where Decontee Davis, an Ebola survivor, uses her immunity to help others affected by the disease. Cast: Decontee Davis."

spmeans@sltrib.com

Twitter: @moviecricket